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A notable feature of Turkish phonology is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels and velar allophones before back vowels. ==Consonants== * are bilabial, whereas are labiodental. * are dental , is velarized dental , is alveolar and is palatalized post-alveolar .〔 * * is frequently devoiced word-finally and before a voiceless consonant. According to one source, it is only realized as a modal tap intervocalically. Word-initially, a location /r/ is restricted from occurring in in native words, the constriction at the alveolar ridge narrows sufficiently to create frication but without making full contact, ; the same happens in word-final position: .〔 * * and are often also voiceless in the same environments (word-final and before voiceless consonants).〔 * Syllable-initial are usually aspirated.〔 * are affricates. They have been placed in the table in a manner which saves space. * Final may be fronted to a voiceless velar fricative .〔 In native Turkic words, the velar consonants are palatalized to (similar to Russian) when adjacent to the front vowels . Similarly, the consonant is realized as a clear or light next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized next to the central and back vowels . These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters , , and are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of are contrastive. In particular, and clear are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels and . This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a circumflex accent over the vowel: e.g. ''gâvur'' ('infidel'), ''mahkûm'' ('condemned'), ''lâzım'' ('necessary'), although this diacritic's usage has been increasingly archaic. are devoiced to word- and morpheme-finally, as well as before a consonant: ('to do, to make') is pronounced . (This is reflected in the orthography, so that it is spelled ). When a vowel is added to nouns ending with postvocalic , it is lenited to (see below); this is also reflected in the orthography.〔Most monosyllabic words ending in orthographic , such as ''çok'' ('much'), are phonologically , but nearly all polysyllabic nouns with are phonologically . . Proper nouns ending in , such as ''İznik'', are equally subject to this phonological process but have invariant orthographic rendering.〕 In addition, there is a debatable phoneme, called ''yumuşak g'' ('soft g') and written , which only occurs after a vowel. It is sometimes transcribed or . Between back vowels, it may be silent or sound like a bilabial glide. Between front vowels, it is either silent or has a sound (e.g. ''düğün'' 'marriage', where the is even mandatory in fast speech to distinguish it from ''dün'' 'yesterday'), depending on the preceding and following vowels. When not between vowels (that is, word finally and before a consonant), it is generally realized as vowel length, lengthening the preceding vowel, or as a slight if preceded by a front vowel. According to , who transcribe this sound as : * Before front vowels it is an approximant, either front-velar or palatal .〔 * Word-finally and preconsonantally, it lengthens the preceding vowel.〔 * Intervocalic is phonetically zero (deleted).〔 Before the loss of this sound, Turkish did not allow vowel sequences in native words, and today the letter serves largely to indicate vowel length and vowel sequences where once occurred.〔Bernard Comrie, 1997. "Turkish Phonology", in Kaye & Daniels ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa''. Eisenbrauns.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkish phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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